Promised Land

In 1969 the last of the Promised Land menhaden processing plants closed.

Menhaden has been called “the most important fish in the sea.” An oily fish, it’s also known as bunker, porgy, mossbunker, alewife, fatback, and shad. Of enormous commercial importance to humans, menhaden also is a prey fish for many larger fish as well as birds. Menhaden primarily consume phytoplankton, which keeps major bodies of water free of algae. But in the nineteenth century, menhaden were used to make glue.

Boats would catch huge amounts of menhaden. The fish was then cooked in huge tanks. Its oil was extracted to make glue and lamp oil and the dried remains were was ground up for fertilizer and animal feed. The only problem with this process was the unholy smell of the processing plant. The stench could actually tarnish the coins in the pockets of the workers. No one wanted to live near a fish factory.

But in 1882, Austin Corbin, the owner of the Long Island Rail Road, planned to bring the railroad through to Montauk, so a couple of capitalists had the bright idea of building glue factories in Napeague. Why not? The fish was caught nearby, and the boats could unload the fish right there. The finished glue then could be packed in barrels and sent on the railroad to Brooklyn and Queens to be bottled. Best of all, there wasn’t anyone living in the area to complain about the smell.

Between 1883 and 1950, six fish factories operated in Napeague. A LIRR spur led out to all of them and there were docks for the large boats to bring in the fish and the coal to process them.  Just one factory alone, the Smith Meal Fish Factory, processed between 20-30 million fish a year. From May until October, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, enormous (ten feet across) iron pots bubbled over coal fires boiling fish. Smokestacks belched stinky fish steam into the sky along with coal smoke. And anyone passing had to hold their nose for quite a while if the wind was strong.

By 1950, fish was not used much to make glue and petroleum-based oils replaced fish oil. The Promised Land fish factories declined and the last one closed in 1969. But menhaden are even today caught and ground into feed for hogs, chickens and pets. Menhaden-based products are used in lipstick, paint, salad dressing, industrial applications, and fish oil supplements for humans. But they’re processed along the Gulf Coast

Today the smell of Promised Land is gone. Only the name and a rusting shed remain of the huge factories.